Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
1782
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
1905
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
adeterminerUS /ə/
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
according
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
acquired
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
Amiot
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
andconjunctionUS /ənd/
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
Artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/
an old form of “are”, used with “thou”
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
bad
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
beauxiliary verbUS /biː/
used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/
for the reason that
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
begannounUS /began/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
blunders
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
byprepositionUS /baɪ/
showing who or what does the action
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
Calthrop
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
canmodal verbUS /kæn/
to be able to, or to be allowed to
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
Capt
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
China
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
contains
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
copy
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
criticism
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
deal
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/
the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
downright
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
Dr
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
E
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
English
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
Etext
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
Europe
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
excessively
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
exempt
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
F
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
Father
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
firstnounUS /first/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
French
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
fromprepositionUS /frʌm/
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
further
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
Giles
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
goes
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
goodnounUS /good/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
greatnounUS /great/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
Gutenberg
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
hepronounUS /hiː/
a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/
belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
hope
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
HoweveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/
used to add a contrasting statement
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
IpronounUS /aɪ/
the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
inprepositionUS /ɪn/
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
indeed
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/
moving to the inside of something
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
introduction
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
itpronounUS /ɪt/
a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
ItsdeterminerUS /ɪts/
belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
Jesuit
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
Joseph
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
Lionel
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
littlenounUS /little/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
living
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
merely
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
nonepronounUS /nʌn/
not one, and not any
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
notadverbUS /nɑːt/
used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
Preface
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
Project
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
published
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
questionnounUS /ˈquestion/
a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
R
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
Sun
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
t
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/
used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
thedeterminerUS /ðə/
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/
used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
toparticleUS /tuː/
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
Tokyo
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
translated
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Its introduction to Europe began in 1782 when a French Jesuit Father living in China, Joseph Amiot, acquired a copy of it, and translated it into French.
translation
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
Tzŭ
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
Tzŭ's
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
unknown
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
very
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
virtually
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
War
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
whatpronounUS /wʌt/
used to ask for information about something
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
WhenconjunctionUS /wen/
at the time that
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
wholly
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He goes further in this criticism: "It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt.
words
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading The first translation into English was published in 1905 in Tokyo by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. However, this translation is, in the words of Dr. Giles, "excessively bad."
work
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Preface to the Project Gutenberg Etext When Lionel Giles began his translation of Sun Tzŭ’s _Art of War_, the work was virtually unknown in Europe.
write
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading It was not a good translation because, according to Dr. Giles, "[I]t contains a great deal that Sun Tzŭ did not write, and very little indeed of what he did."
