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Urbain Grandier: Celebrated Crimes
Urbain Grandier: Celebrated Crimes

Chapter XI

Cover illustration for Urbain Grandier: Celebrated Crimes
Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.
Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.
In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.
Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.
Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Urbain Grandier: Celebrated Crimes

Chapter XI

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.
Line 2
Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.
Line 3
In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.
Line 4
Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.
Line 5
Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Above preposition US /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Added noun US /added/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.”

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Below preposition US /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Between preposition US /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Done noun US /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.”

Ever noun US /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Except preposition US /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Left noun US /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

Never noun US /never/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.”

Themselves pronoun US /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading “Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.”

Those determiner US /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading “Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.”

All words in this reading · 103

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

addednounUS /added/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

almost

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

bands

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

boards

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

boot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

bound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

case

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

commissioner

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

condemned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

constituted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

crushed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

de

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

death

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

donenounUS /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

driven

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

EachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

eight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

employed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

ends

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

evernounUS /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

extraordinary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

firmly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

four

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

Franciscans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

Grandier

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

inflict

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

inflicted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

initiative

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

instead

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

knee

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

laid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

latter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

Laubardemont

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

leftnounUS /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

legs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

Loudun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

M

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

mallet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

manner

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From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

middle

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From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

mode

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From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

nevernounUS /never/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

NorconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

ordered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

ordinary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

other

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

painful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

pairs

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From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

placed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

pulp

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

royal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

saw

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

seldom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

sufferer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

survived

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

ten

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In this case M. de Laubardemont on his own initiative, for it had never been done before, added two wedges to those of the extraordinary torture, so that instead of eight, ten were to be driven in.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

then

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

together

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

torture

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

torturer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

two

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

undertook

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor was this all: the commissioner royal and the two Franciscans undertook to inflict the torture themselves.

usual

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Laubardemont ordered Grandier to be bound in the usual manner, I and then saw his legs placed between the boards.

variety

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

victim's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The mode of torture employed at Loudun was a variety of the boot, and one of the most painful of all.

wedges

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Each of the victim's legs below the knee was placed between two boards, the two pairs were then laid one above the other and bound together firmly at the ends; wedges were then driven in with a mallet between the two middle boards; four such wedges constituted ordinary and eight extraordinary torture; and this latter was seldom inflicted, except on those condemned to death, as almost no one ever survived it, the sufferer's legs being crushed to a pulp before he left the torturer's bands.