Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The wolf trail
The wolf trail

Chapter VIII

Cover illustration for The wolf trail
Context Illustration Reading 1/106 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.
For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.
Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.
In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.
They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The wolf trail

Chapter VIII

Reading 1/106 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.
Line 2
For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.
Line 3
Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.
Line 4
In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.
Line 5
They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.”

Beyond preposition US /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading “They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.”

Themselves pronoun US /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading “They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.”

Under preposition US /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading “Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

Absaroka

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

Absarokas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

abstained

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

adventurer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

ammunition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

astride

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

Beckwourth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

bison

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

bought

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

careful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

Crows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

danced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

decade

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

dreaded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

dressing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

getting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

guns

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

hunters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

industrious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

Jim

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

kill

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

known

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

leadership

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

liquor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

man

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

Mountains

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

mulatto

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

numbering

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

plenty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

ponies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

ranged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

RISING

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

robes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

Rocky

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

ruled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

scalps

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

skilled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

Southward

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

Sparrowhawks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

stole

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

trade

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In trade they abstained from liquor and bought guns and ammunition.

tribes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a decade or so one, if not both, of the Absaroka tribes had been ruled by a mulatto adventurer Jim Beckwourth.

UnderprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

war

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

white

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They made themselves dreaded in war, stole plenty of ponies, danced for scalps beyond all numbering, and were very careful not to kill a white man.

whites

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

WOLF

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading RISING WOLF Southward, astride of the Rocky Mountains, ranged the Absarokas, the Sparrowhawks, who were known to the whites as the Crows.

women

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under his leadership the hunters were skilled in getting, the women industrious in dressing bison robes.