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The War in the Air
The War in the Air

Chapter III

Cover illustration for The War in the Air
Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.
He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.
He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.
He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.
The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The War in the Air

Chapter III

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.
Line 2
He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.
Line 3
He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.
Line 4
He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.
Line 5
The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Against preposition US /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading “The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.”

Between preposition US /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading “He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.”

Creature noun US /ˈcreature/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.”

Duty noun US /ˈduːti/

a responsibility that must be carried out

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.”

Good noun US /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

Hands plural noun US /hændz/

members of a ship’s crew

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

Life noun US /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.”

Little noun US /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.”

Look noun US /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.”

Over preposition US /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading “He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.”

Thought noun US /thought/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

Time noun US /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

America

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

Bert

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

century

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

circle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

civilisation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

country

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

creaturenounUS /ˈcreature/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

dibs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

dutynounUS /ˈduːti/

a responsibility that must be carried out

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

early

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

England

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

escape

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

fact

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

far

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

fellows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

get

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

goodnounUS /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

handsplural nounUS /hændz/

members of a ship’s crew

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

houses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

ideas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

lifenounUS /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

limited

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

littlenounUS /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

lived

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

looknounUS /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

luck

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

man

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

mean

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

million

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

narrow

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

old

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

pert

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

produced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

put

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

Smallways

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

smarter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

sort

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

soul

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

streets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

there

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

thoughtnounUS /thought/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

timenounUS /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

twentieth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

vulgar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The luck had been against him so far, but that was by the way.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He had lived all his life in narrow streets, and between mean houses he could not look over, and in a narrow circle of ideas from which there was no escape.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading He was, in fact, the sort of man who had made England and America what they were.

whole

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He thought the whole duty of man was to be smarter than his fellows, get his hands, as he put it, “on the dibs,” and have a good time.

world

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I Bert Smallways was a vulgar little creature, the sort of pert, limited soul that the old civilisation of the early twentieth century produced by the million in every country of the world.