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The Village Rector
The Village Rector

Chapter XXIII

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Context Illustration Reading 1/27 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.
When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.
The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.
The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.
The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Village Rector

Chapter XXIII

Reading 1/27 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.
Line 2
When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.
Line 3
The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.
Line 4
The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.
Line 5
The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Added noun US /added/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.”

Great noun US /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.”

Know noun US /know/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.”

Since preposition US /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading “Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.”

Soon noun US /soon/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.”

Substance noun US /ˈsʌbstəns/

wealth or financial means

From this reading “The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.”

Those determiner US /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading “The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.”

Through noun US /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.”

Throughout preposition US /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading “Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.”

Watered noun US /ˈwatered/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1833

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

addednounUS /added/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

analogy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

begun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

called

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

carpet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

ceased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

channels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

dissolving

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

doubt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

earth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

engineer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

evenly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

farms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

fields

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

find

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

greatnounUS /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

herbage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

hoped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

irrigating

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

irrigation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

Italy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

June

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

kept

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

knownounUS /know/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

Lombardy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

Madame

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

marciti

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

meadows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

modelled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

neighborhood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

nitre

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

nitrous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

nourished

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

perpetual

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

planted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

products

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

qualities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

quality

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

rains

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

riches

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

showed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

SinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

smooth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

snow

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

soon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

source

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

wealth or financial means

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

succeeding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

superior

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

surface

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

Switzerland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

system

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

throughnounUS /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

thus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The nitre of the snow dissolving in these channels no doubt added much to the quality of the herbage.

tried

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

undertakings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

verdure

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

Veronique

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

waterednounUS /ˈwatered/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading The system of irrigation, modelled on that of the farms in Lombardy, watered the earth evenly, and kept the surface as smooth as a carpet.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

whole

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since these great undertakings were begun, Veronique had been called “Madame” throughout the whole neighborhood.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

years

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The engineer hoped to find in the products of succeeding years some analogy with those of Switzerland, to which this nitrous substance is, as we know, a source of perpetual riches.

young

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the rains ceased in June, 1833, they tried the irrigating channels through the planted fields, and the young verdure thus nourished soon showed the superior qualities of the _marciti_ of Italy and the meadows of Switzerland.