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Notes on Life & Letters
Notes on Life & Letters

Chapter V

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.
What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.
Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.
Perhaps it would never have taken form!
In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Notes on Life & Letters

Chapter V

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.
Line 2
What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.
Line 3
Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.
Line 4
Perhaps it would never have taken form!
Line 5
In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.”

Different noun US /ˈdifferent/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.”

Even noun US /even/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.”

Everything pronoun US /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading “In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.”

Never noun US /never/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Perhaps it would never have taken form!”

Perhaps noun US /perhaps/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.”

Question noun US /ˈquestion/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.”

Strength noun US /ˈstrength/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.”

Would modal verb US /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading “Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

ages

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

attitude

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

case

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

catastrophe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

certain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

checked

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

concrete

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

consciences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

died

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

differentnounUS /ˈdifferent/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

difficult

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

end

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

Europe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

evennounUS /even/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

excess

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

German

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

ghosts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

leading

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

mansions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

men's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

militarism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

moral

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

nevernounUS /never/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Perhaps it would never have taken form!

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

old

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

other

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

out

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

overgrown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

Perhaps

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

Polish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

probably

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

questionnounUS /ˈquestion/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

reproachful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

say

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

security

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

self-confidence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

sense

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

sentiment

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

Some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

state

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

strengthnounUS /ˈstrength/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

taken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.

then

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

theory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

transient

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

vanishing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

world

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men's consciences.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength.