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Mark Twain: A Biography. Complete
Mark Twain: A Biography. Complete

Chapter XXXVI

Cover illustration for Mark Twain: A Biography. Complete
Context Illustration Reading 1/129 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”
He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.
The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.
And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.
The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Mark Twain: A Biography. Complete

Chapter XXXVI

Reading 1/129 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”
Line 2
He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.
Line 3
The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.
Line 4
And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.
Line 5
The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Against preposition US /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading “The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.”

Answered noun US /ˈanswered/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.”

Because conjunction US /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading “He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.”

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.”

Born noun US /born/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.”

Christian noun US /ˈchristian/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.””

Ever noun US /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.”

Must modal verb US /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.””

Step noun US /step/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.”

Time noun US /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

admit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

anesthetics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

answerednounUS /ˈanswered/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

architecture

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

artistic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

astronomy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

avoided

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

biblical

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

bigotry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

bornnounUS /born/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

called

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

child-birth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

Christian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

Church

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

culture

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

curse

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

defensive

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

discovery

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

down

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

enlightened

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

Eve

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

evernounUS /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

five

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

Galileo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

geology

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

Greeks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

hundred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

innovation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

nations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

opposed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

progressive

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

pronounced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

regarded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

religion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

said

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

sin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

Somewhat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

spite

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

stepnounUS /step/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

superstition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

surpassed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

taken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every step in astronomy and geology ever taken has been opposed by bigotry and superstition.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.

timenounUS /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

use

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Somewhat on the defensive I said, “But we must admit that the so- called Christian nations are the most enlightened and progressive.”

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The Church has opposed every innovation and discovery from the day of Galileo down to our own time, when the use of anesthetics in child-birth was regarded as a sin because it avoided the biblical curse pronounced against Eve.

years

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks surpassed us in artistic culture and in architecture five hundred years before the Christian religion was born.

Yes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He answered, “Yes, but in spite of their religion, not because of it.