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Lewis Rand
Lewis Rand

Chapter III

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Context Illustration Reading 1/50 · 5 lines
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FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.
In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.
The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.
In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.
Washington had been dead five years.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Lewis Rand

Chapter III

Reading 1/50 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.
Line 2
In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.
Line 3
The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.
Line 4
In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.
Line 5
Washington had been dead five years.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

About preposition US /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading “In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.”

Again noun US /again/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Washington had been dead five years.”

Dead noun US /dead/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Washington had been dead five years.”

Done noun US /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.”

Toward preposition US /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading “The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.”

While conjunction US /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading “In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1804

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

againnounUS /again/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

America

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

army

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

Bear

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Washington had been dead five years.

Boulogne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

British

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

Buonaparte's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

cheek

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

chrysalis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

conduct

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

consular

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

Corsican

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

deadnounUS /dead/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Washington had been dead five years.

develop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

donenounUS /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

eastward

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

Englishman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

five

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Washington had been dead five years.

FONTENOY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

France

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

gathered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

gay

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

grave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

human

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

imperial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

invasion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

jowl

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

Lion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

movement

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

New

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

other

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

pursued

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

ranged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

reluctantly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

Russian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

seventeen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

sold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

Spanish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

spectacle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

springtime

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

spyglass

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

States

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

tenor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

territory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

troops

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

turned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

uneven

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

United

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

vast

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

Virginian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

Washington

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Washington had been dead five years.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The British Lion and the Russian Bear were cheek by jowl, and every Englishman turned his spyglass toward Boulogne, where was gathered Buonaparte's army of invasion.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

wings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In France the consular chrysalis was about to develop imperial wings.

withdrawing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

World

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the New World Spanish troops were reluctantly withdrawing from the vast territory sold by a Corsican to a Virginian, while to the eastward of that movement seventeen of the United States of America pursued the uneven tenor of their way.

year

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FONTENOY In the springtime of the year 1804 the spectacle of human conduct ranged from grave to gay, from gay to grave again much as it had done in any other springtime of any other year.

years

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Washington had been dead five years.