Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIX

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.
And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.
What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.
And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.
The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIX

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.
Line 2
And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.
Line 3
What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.
Line 4
And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.
Line 5
The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.”

Found noun US /found/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.”

Great noun US /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.”

Right noun US /right/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.”

All words in this reading · 83

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

absentee

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

agriculture

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

capitalist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

census

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

city

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

consequences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

country

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

DEAR

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

dependent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

doles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

doom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

empire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

employment

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

eyes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

farm-land

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

farmers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

foundnounUS /found/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

going

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

greatnounUS /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

growth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

happening

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

headlong

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

history

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

imperialism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

independent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

inexorably

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

landlordism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

led

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

middlemen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

moneylenders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

piece

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

population

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

price

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

profits

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

public

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

reports

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

rhetoric

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

rightnounUS /right/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

road

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

Rome

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

ruined

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

slum-dwellers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

speculators

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

spread

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

statistics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

steadily

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

summary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

tenantry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

things

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And every one of these things is happening right before our eyes.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading And this is no piece of rhetoric, but a summary of statistics to be found in our census reports.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

today

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

traveling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

turning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

uncertain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

undermining

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

up

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The price of farm-land is going up, steadily and inexorably; the profits of agriculture are going to middlemen, speculators, and moneylenders.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: Our country today is traveling headlong the road which has led every great empire in history to its doom.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading What ruined Rome was the spread of capitalist imperialism with its consequences--the undermining of the independent farmers, the growth of tenantry and absentee landlordism, and the turning of the country population into city slum-dwellers, uncertain of their employment and dependent upon public doles.