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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIV

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.
The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.
If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.
What difference will that make in the industrial system?
At first you might see no difference at all.
0:00 / 0:00
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIV

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.
Line 2
The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.
Line 3
If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.
Line 4
What difference will that make in the industrial system?
Line 5
At first you might see no difference at all.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Above preposition US /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

Everything pronoun US /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “At first you might see no difference at all.”

Having auxiliary verb US /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading “If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.”

Make noun US /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “What difference will that make in the industrial system?”

Might modal verb US /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading “At first you might see no difference at all.”

Must modal verb US /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.”

Need noun US /need/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

Next noun US /next/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

Order noun US /order/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

Ourselves pronoun US /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading “If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

alive

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

bare

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

break

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

capitalist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

change

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

DEAR

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

desire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

difference

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

down

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

enabling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

essence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

generation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

get

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

goods

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

industrial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

industry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

instead

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

keeping

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

makenounUS /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

means

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

motive

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

neednounUS /need/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

nextnounUS /next/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

obvious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ordernounUS /order/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ourselvespronounUS /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

owner

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ownership

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

pay

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

power

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

private

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

produce

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

produces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

production

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

profit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

raise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

see

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

social

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

system

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.