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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter IV

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.
When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.
Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.
If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.
Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter IV

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.
Line 2
When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.
Line 3
Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.
Line 4
If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.
Line 5
Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

About preposition US /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

Because conjunction US /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading “Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.”

Know noun US /know/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.”

Liberty noun US /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.”

Long noun US /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

Look noun US /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

Outside noun US /ˈoutside/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

Poor noun US /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

Well noun US /well/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

actions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

also

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

controlled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

DEAR

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

depends

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

distributed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

economic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

economist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

growing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

happen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

inexorable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

inside

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

knownounUS /know/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

land

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

laws

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

longnounUS /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

looknounUS /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

many

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

matter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

men

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

natural

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

outsidenounUS /ˈoutside/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

poornounUS /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

poorer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

processes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

produced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

prosperity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

rich

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

richer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

see

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

talk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

tells

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

uses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

Wealth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

Well

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

words

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.