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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter II

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.
For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.
Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.
We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter II

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.
Line 2
For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.
Line 3
Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.
Line 4
We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Line 5
Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

About preposition US /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.”

Believe noun US /ˈbelieve/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.”

Every determiner US /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

Liberty noun US /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

Life noun US /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

Right noun US /right/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

Take noun US /take/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

Thing noun US /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

Would modal verb US /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

All words in this reading · 79

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

abilities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

Also

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

Americans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

argue

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

believenounUS /ˈbelieve/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

business

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

DEAR

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

don't

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

equal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

example

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

foolish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

get

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

going

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

granted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

happiness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

heaven

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

labor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

law

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

lifenounUS /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

man

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

mean

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

meddle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

men

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

one's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

own

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

produced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

protect

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

pursuit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

religion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

rightnounUS /right/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

rights

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

say

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

takenounUS /take/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

There

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

thingnounUS /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

things

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.