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Les Misérables, V. 5/5: Jean Valjean
Les Misérables, V. 5/5: Jean Valjean

Chapter XVII

Cover illustration for Les Misérables, V. 5/5: Jean Valjean
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
FUTURE PROGRESS.
Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.
The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.
The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.
It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Les Misérables, V. 5/5: Jean Valjean

Chapter XVII

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
FUTURE PROGRESS.
Line 2
Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.
Line 3
The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.
Line 4
The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.
Line 5
It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Above preposition US /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading “It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.”

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.”

Below preposition US /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading “It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.”

Equally noun US /ˈequally/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.”

Last noun US /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.”

Without preposition US /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading “The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.”

All words in this reading · 50

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

able

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

antennæ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

centuries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

city

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

counterstrokes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

dark

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

Digging

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

equallynounUS /ˈequally/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

fact

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

finish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

FUTURE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FUTURE PROGRESS.

ground

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

grows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

growth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

lastnounUS /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

Paris

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

polypus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

PROGRESS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FUTURE PROGRESS.

receives

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

sewer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sewer, in fact, receives all the counterstrokes of the growth of Paris.

sewerage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

small

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

species

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

task

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

ten

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

thousand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

toiled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Digging the sewerage of Paris was no small task.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is in the ground a species of dark polypus with a thousand antennæ, which grows below, equally with the city above.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The last ten centuries have toiled at it without being able to finish, any more than they could finish Paris.