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Les Misérables, V. 1/5: Fantine
Les Misérables, V. 1/5: Fantine

Chapter XII

Cover illustration for Les Misérables, V. 1/5: Fantine
Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.
Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.
He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.
The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.
Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Les Misérables, V. 1/5: Fantine

Chapter XII

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.
Line 2
Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.
Line 3
He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.
Line 4
The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.
Line 5
Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Because conjunction US /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading “Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.”

Beneath preposition US /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading “Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.”

Ignorant noun US /ˈignorant/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.”

Little noun US /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.”

Look noun US /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.”

Mind noun US /mind/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.”

Must modal verb US /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.”

Under preposition US /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading “Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.”

Within preposition US /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading “The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.

also

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

bagne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

brightness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

chain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

convict's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

created

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

daylight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

DESPERATE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.

dungeon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

HEART

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

ignorantnounUS /ˈignorant/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

increased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

kindled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

light

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

littlenounUS /little/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

looknounUS /look/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

lying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

man

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

MAN'S

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A DESPERATE MAN'S HEART.

mindnounUS /mind/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

misfortune

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

natural

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

necessarily

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

plank

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

reflected

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

said

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

Society

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

stick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

sun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

there

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

things

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Society must necessarily look at these things, because they are created by it.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

torrid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

UnderprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

weak-minded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was, as we have said, an ignorant man, but he was not weak-minded.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading The natural light was kindled within him, and misfortune, which also has its brightness, increased the little daylight there was in this mind.

work

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the stick and the chain in the dungeon, when at work, beneath the torrid sun of the bagne, or when lying on the convict's plank, he reflected.