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Far from the Madding Crowd
Far from the Madding Crowd

Chapter XXXI · Troy’s Romanticism

Troy’s Romanticism, section 1: When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight. This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the be
Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.
This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.
Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.
His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.
There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Far from the Madding Crowd

Chapter XXXI · Troy’s Romanticism

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.
Line 2
This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.
Line 3
Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.
Line 4
His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.
Line 5
There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.”

Dead noun US /dead/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.”

Done noun US /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.”

Himself pronoun US /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading “This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.”

Last noun US /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.”

Left noun US /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.”

Morning noun US /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.”

Ourselves pronoun US /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading “There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.”

Through noun US /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

act

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

allow

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

always

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

amelioration

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

appear

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

ascended

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

bed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

circumscribing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

conduct

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

cover

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

deadnounUS /dead/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

dealt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

donenounUS /done/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

down

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

dressed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

events

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

Fate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

four-and-twenty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

grimly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

hours

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

inertia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

intentions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

lastnounUS /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

leagued

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

leftnounUS /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

line

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

materially

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

midnight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

miserably

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

morningnounUS /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

new

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

novelties

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

ourselvespronounUS /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

out

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

overcome

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

previous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

regarding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

seems

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

sight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

spent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

stairs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

striking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

There

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

throughnounUS /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.

throwing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

together

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is always an inertia to be overcome in striking out a new line of conduct—not more in ourselves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in the way of amelioration.

Troy's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

varied

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

waited

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miserably for the morning.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading His day had been spent in a way which varied very materially from his intentions regarding it.

wife

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Troy’s wife had left the house at the previous midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four-and-twenty hours.