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An Essay on Laughter
An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIII

Cover illustration for An Essay on Laughter
Context Illustration Reading 1/73 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.
Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.
One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.
We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.
Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Essay on Laughter

Chapter XIII

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.
Line 2
Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.
Line 3
One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.
Line 4
We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.
Line 5
Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Again noun US /again/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

Another noun US /ˈanother/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.”

Here noun US /here/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

May modal verb US /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

Must modal verb US /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

Name noun US /name/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

One pronoun US /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

Second noun US /second/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

Something pronoun US /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading “One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.”

Time noun US /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

Under preposition US /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading “Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

advance

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

againnounUS /again/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

anothernounUS /ˈanother/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

appear

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

authorities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

certain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

defect

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

exhibit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

explaining

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

facie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

feature

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

forth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

group

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

groups

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

HerenounUS /here/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

human

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

incongruous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

induce

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

laughable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

laughing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

led

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

LUDICROUS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

mischances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

misfitting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

mood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

namenounUS /name/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

presenting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

primâ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

problem

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

propounded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

recognise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

said

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

second

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading One group may be said, _primâ facie_, to exhibit mischances, another some form of human defect, another, again, something of the misfitting or incongruous, and so forth.

special

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

subject

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

survey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

theoretic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

THEORIES

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THEORIES OF THE LUDICROUS.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

things

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

timenounUS /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

touch

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

unifying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

varieties

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

variety

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.

views

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here, for the second time, we must touch on the views propounded by authorities on the subject under the name of Theories of the Ludicrous.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We may now advance to the theoretic problem of unifying and explaining these varieties of the laughable.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Our survey of laughable things has led us to recognise certain groups which appear to induce the laughing mood: each presenting its special variety of laughable feature.