Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
adeterminerUS /ə/
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/
on the subject of; concerning
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
andconjunctionUS /ənd/
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
appear
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
asconjunctionUS /æz/
at the same time that; because; in the way that
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
atprepositionUS /æt/
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
away
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
back
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
belonging
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
Benjamin
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
besideprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪd/
next to; at the side of
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
Blondet
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
book
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
Bourbons
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
byprepositionUS /baɪ/
showing who or what does the action
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
cab
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
caught
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
cause
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
comenounUS /come/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
Constant
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
days
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
de
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
destined
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
die
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
earth
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
exclaimed
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
eyes
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
face
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
fairnounUS /fair/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
forprepositionUS /fɔːr/
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
four
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
Foy
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
General
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
glimpse
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
hair
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
hepronounUS /hiː/
a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/
belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
Hundred
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
hurried
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
inprepositionUS /ɪn/
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
just
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
keen
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
leave
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
littlenounUS /little/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
Lousteau
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
Lucien
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
man
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
Mme
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
mouth
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
mydeterminerUS /maɪ/
belonging to the person speaking
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
Napoleon
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
Nathan
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/
and not; used after a negative to add a second negative
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
notadverbUS /nɑːt/
used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
now
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
Oh
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
onprepositionUS /ɑːn/
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
oval-shaped
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
partnounUS /part/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
place
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
played
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
pleasant-looking
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
poet
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
Potemkin
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
Raoul
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
refined
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
salute
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
scarcely
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
see
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
shop
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
Staël
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
stricken
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
takenounUS /take/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
thedeterminerUS /ðə/
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
three
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
timenounUS /time/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
toparticleUS /tuː/
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
tooknounUS /took/
an important story-specific word used in this passage
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
twenty
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
Vernou
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
victory
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
war
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
wepronounUS /wiː/
the speaker together with one or more other people
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
WhatpronounUS /wʌt/
used to ask for information about something
From this reading “What a shop!” exclaimed Lucien, as he took his place in the cab beside Lousteau.
whopronounUS /huː/
which person or people
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
whosedeterminerUS /huːz/
belonging to which person
From this reading Lousteau hurried Lucien away; he had not time to take leave of Vernou and Blondet and Raoul Nathan, nor to salute General Foy nor Benjamin Constant, whose book on the Hundred Days was just about to appear.
willmodal verbUS /wɪl/
used to talk about the future, or about willingness
From this reading “Oh, come back in three or four days, my little poet, and we will see.”
win
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading He was destined to win his cause and to die stricken to earth by his victory.
withprepositionUS /wɪð/
in the company of; together with
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.
years
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Lucien scarcely caught a glimpse of fair hair, a refined oval-shaped face, keen eyes, and the pleasant-looking mouth belonging to the man who had played the part of a Potemkin to Mme. de Staël for twenty years, and now was at war with the Bourbons, as he had been at war with Napoleon.