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1900
1900

Chapter VIII

Cover illustration for 1900
Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.
The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.
Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.
Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.
Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1900

Chapter VIII

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.
Line 2
The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.
Line 3
Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.
Line 4
Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.
Line 5
Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Although noun US /ˈalthough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.”

Ever noun US /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.”

Found noun US /found/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.”

Itself pronoun US /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading “Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.”

Life noun US /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.”

All words in this reading · 93

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

99

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

althoughnounUS /ˈalthough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

Anarchism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

authorities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

boom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

broke

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

burning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

capacities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

Capital

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

cities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

coming

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

commercial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

consequence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

coupled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

currency

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

dangerous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

death

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

debased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

defiant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

demoralizing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

deposit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

dire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

distrustful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

ears

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

effects

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

Europe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

evernounUS /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

evils

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

Fateful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

fled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

force

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

foundnounUS /found/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

frightful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

gradually

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

hard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

hatred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

hid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

industrial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

Labor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

lacking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

land

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

larger

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

lifenounUS /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

local

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

loudmouthed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

malevolence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

necessities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

North

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

often

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

out

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

paternalism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

pour

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

pressed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

rampant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

really

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

Republic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

rioting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

safe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

serious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

Socialism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

spent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

straits

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

strangling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

taxing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

times

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

timid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

utmost

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

vaults

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

Washington

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

willing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

words

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

year

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.