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1851
1851

Chapter XIII

Cover illustration for 1851
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
“See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.
* * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?
Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”
_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.
Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1851

Chapter XIII

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
“See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.
Line 2
* * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?
Line 3
Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”
Line 4
_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.
Line 5
Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Brought noun US /ˈbrought/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Ever noun US /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.”

Fair noun US /fair/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.”

Great noun US /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Last noun US /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Might modal verb US /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Rest noun US /rest/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Until preposition US /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

Within preposition US /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

All words in this reading · 124

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

amang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

artistic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

Bang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

beat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

best

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

blythesome

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

brass

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

broughtnounUS /ˈbrought/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Buss'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

coman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

competition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

consequent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Countries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

country

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

creatures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

crowd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

demand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

dignity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

drums

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

drwoves

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

east

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

evernounUS /ever/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

Exhibition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

expression

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

FairnounUS /fair/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

fatigue

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

few

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

fit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

flocks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

forrat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

frae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

geat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

GreatnounUS /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

group

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

habit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

heat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

helter-skelter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

huzzain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

immeasurably

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

Industry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

inferior

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

instruments

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

iron

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

kye

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From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

labour

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From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

labourers

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From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

lastnounUS /last/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

looking

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From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

loud

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From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

machines

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From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

made

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From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

mang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

men

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

mere

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

mingled

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From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

monny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

muscular

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From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

naigs

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From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

national

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From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

noise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

o

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

organs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

pleyin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

power-loom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

press'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

producers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

public

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

quality

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

quarters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

rantin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

rendered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

restnounUS /rest/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Rosley

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From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

See

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

sense

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

skirl

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

spinning-jenny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

sweet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

swelter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

troop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

trumpets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

war

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

west

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

Whar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

what's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

Wheyle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

Whist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Wi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

women

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

working

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

years

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

yon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?